By far the best undergraduate general Microbiology text, 14 Oct 2008
"Brock" (as it's known!) is without doubt not just the best Microbiology textbook available but one of the best textbooks period. The book is logically set out, beginning with basic introductory material covering areas such as how we define a microorganism, cell structure, evolution, diversity and biochemistry before moving on to more complex general topics, including microbial growth, bioenergetics, catabolism and molecular biology. Brevia on Virology and Mycology are given, before moving on to the main sections on Bacteria and Archaea, arranged in terms of the taxonomy used in Bergey's Manual (the Microbiology Bible), going through the Proteobacteria by Class before covering Gram positive Bacteria and all the other various groups. Archaea are covered in more depth than you'd find in any other general Microbiology text, which is fantastic. The book ends with various applied topics such as medical Microbiology, Biotechnology, Ecology and Biogeochemistry.

The text is a very rich one - it's clearly laid out with a good use of colour and some absolutely beautiful photographs and photomicrographs, which are related directly to the text and serve to really reinforce points, rather than just to illustrate them. Concept Checks and Review Questions compliment each section and draw together material from other areas. As textbooks go, you really couldn't want anything more. With every edition, Brock just goes from strength to strengh.

Great Textbook, 14 Feb 2006
This book is great for Microbiology Undergraduates. The layout is perfect for studying and revising, and the information is presented in a clear manner. Doesn't put you to sleep like some other undergrad textbooks. You'll need other books for 2nd and 3rd year, but you will keep refering to this book even then. Overall, a very good textbook. Well worth the price.

Microbiology Textbook, 01 Dec 2005
First of all, this is a specified module book for Microbiology & Immunology. It is a really interesting book with clear diagrams and enlightening pictures. The easy-to-use layout makes reading the book much more simpler and finding appropriate information is quick. The chapters are well organised and the online content, assuming you have the internet is worth having a look through. You may find if your student studying this, then you wiill be asked to join a 'class'. If not, like me, you will find the content relates to the book and gives you tutorials and the option to quiz yourself.

Excellent Microbiology Text, 05 Oct 2005
Brock Biology of Microorganisms is one of the best student texts around today for Microbiology students, not only for undergraduate but is also a great help for postgraduate courses as well.

Nice to see a new edition which has managed to keep up with all the recent changes in the field

Magnificant Microbiology, 14 Apr 2003
This is a really sound text book which brings the new and experienced microbiologists something a little different.The flowing chapters and writing bring you up to speed with modern concepts in biology & microbiology and then the latter parts tell you more and more about subtle differences and generally more indepth than most general microbiology texts.This is a very usesfull reference point for 2nd and 3rd yr students and simply the best place to start for 1st yr students.Mightily Magnificant Microbiology (ps sorry about the alliteration puns)

By far the best undergraduate general Microbiology text, 14 Oct 2008
"Brock" (as it's known!) is without doubt not just the best Microbiology textbook available but one of the best textbooks period. The book is logically set out, beginning with basic introductory material covering areas such as how we define a microorganism, cell structure, evolution, diversity and biochemistry before moving on to more complex general topics, including microbial growth, bioenergetics, catabolism and molecular biology. Brevia on Virology and Mycology are given, before moving on to the main sections on Bacteria and Archaea, arranged in terms of the taxonomy used in Bergey's Manual (the Microbiology Bible), going through the Proteobacteria by Class before covering Gram positive Bacteria and all the other various groups. Archaea are covered in more depth than you'd find in any other general Microbiology text, which is fantastic. The book ends with various applied topics such as medical Microbiology, Biotechnology, Ecology and Biogeochemistry.

The text is a very rich one - it's clearly laid out with a good use of colour and some absolutely beautiful photographs and photomicrographs, which are related directly to the text and serve to really reinforce points, rather than just to illustrate them. Concept Checks and Review Questions compliment each section and draw together material from other areas. As textbooks go, you really couldn't want anything more. With every edition, Brock just goes from strength to strengh.

Great Textbook, 14 Feb 2006
This book is great for Microbiology Undergraduates. The layout is perfect for studying and revising, and the information is presented in a clear manner. Doesn't put you to sleep like some other undergrad textbooks. You'll need other books for 2nd and 3rd year, but you will keep refering to this book even then. Overall, a very good textbook. Well worth the price.

Microbiology Textbook, 01 Dec 2005
First of all, this is a specified module book for Microbiology & Immunology. It is a really interesting book with clear diagrams and enlightening pictures. The easy-to-use layout makes reading the book much more simpler and finding appropriate information is quick. The chapters are well organised and the online content, assuming you have the internet is worth having a look through. You may find if your student studying this, then you wiill be asked to join a 'class'. If not, like me, you will find the content relates to the book and gives you tutorials and the option to quiz yourself.

Excellent Microbiology Text, 05 Oct 2005
Brock Biology of Microorganisms is one of the best student texts around today for Microbiology students, not only for undergraduate but is also a great help for postgraduate courses as well.

Nice to see a new edition which has managed to keep up with all the recent changes in the field

Magnificant Microbiology, 14 Apr 2003
This is a really sound text book which brings the new and experienced microbiologists something a little different.The flowing chapters and writing bring you up to speed with modern concepts in biology & microbiology and then the latter parts tell you more and more about subtle differences and generally more indepth than most general microbiology texts.This is a very usesfull reference point for 2nd and 3rd yr students and simply the best place to start for 1st yr students.Mightily Magnificant Microbiology (ps sorry about the alliteration puns)

GOOD SCIENCE,BAD HISTORY, 23 Sep 2008
This would be an excellent work were it not for the careless historical errors.Prof Crawford seems to think for example that the little ice age began in 1450 and that British rule in India ended in 2007.It would be tedious to list all the mistakes,so just take page 79 where the author mixes up Justinian & Constantine and apparently thinks that the western Roman Empire still existed in the former' s time.Was this book checked by a historian at all ? The poor grasp of elementary historial fact is a great pity,otherwise this book would deserve high marks

Not quite dull, 04 Mar 2008
History is full of fascinating stories of how infectious diseases have impacted upon the course of human history. Some of these stories are relatively small ones, like the appalling effect of poor sanitation on the lives of the poor in sprawling urban societies. Other stories have epic sweep:the Black Death, or the devastating introduction of Old World diseases to the New World.

Sadly, the author of this book couldn't tell a good story to save her life. She is extremely well-informed, very good at explaining the microbiology of the illnesses she describes, and if you read this book you will be a better educated person. But that simplicity of expression comes at a price. The written style is flat, there is no sense of narrative, no story-telling, and some gripping stories pass by with all the excitement of an auditor's report. The overall effect is of a university lecturer trying very hard to make a dull subject interesting; in doing so this book almost succeeds in making a fascinating subject dull.

It may be a matter of taste: here is a scientist writing about history. Perhaps I would have preferred to read a book written by a historian about science.

But it's interesting enough. I don't regret having bought it. And I'm now *much* better informed about Yersina Pestis.


Scholarly, interesting, well-written and alarming, 23 Jan 2008
The author is a professor of microbiology who has written an excellent book for the lay-person interested in the struggle between microbes and humans. It's partly a history of the ever-changing balance between the two from early man as a hunter/gatherer to modern urbane life. She makes it very clear how the development of agriculture and the gathering together of people into towns has increased our vulnerability to a greater range of organisms.

At times it reads almost like a war as viruses, bacteria and fungi rapidly mutate and sometimes collaborate to defeat our immune systems. I have a biological background but learned a lot about the latest microbiological research which is revealing just how well these microbes are doing in infecting us to their benefit. After reading this book I feel more alarmed at just how vulnerable we are to new microbes evolving with lethal power, but it also made me think more about how to avoid helping them by,for example, taking unnecessary antibiotics or failing to complete a course of treatment.

By far the best undergraduate general Microbiology text, 14 Oct 2008
"Brock" (as it's known!) is without doubt not just the best Microbiology textbook available but one of the best textbooks period. The book is logically set out, beginning with basic introductory material covering areas such as how we define a microorganism, cell structure, evolution, diversity and biochemistry before moving on to more complex general topics, including microbial growth, bioenergetics, catabolism and molecular biology. Brevia on Virology and Mycology are given, before moving on to the main sections on Bacteria and Archaea, arranged in terms of the taxonomy used in Bergey's Manual (the Microbiology Bible), going through the Proteobacteria by Class before covering Gram positive Bacteria and all the other various groups. Archaea are covered in more depth than you'd find in any other general Microbiology text, which is fantastic. The book ends with various applied topics such as medical Microbiology, Biotechnology, Ecology and Biogeochemistry.

The text is a very rich one - it's clearly laid out with a good use of colour and some absolutely beautiful photographs and photomicrographs, which are related directly to the text and serve to really reinforce points, rather than just to illustrate them. Concept Checks and Review Questions compliment each section and draw together material from other areas. As textbooks go, you really couldn't want anything more. With every edition, Brock just goes from strength to strengh.

Great Textbook, 14 Feb 2006
This book is great for Microbiology Undergraduates. The layout is perfect for studying and revising, and the information is presented in a clear manner. Doesn't put you to sleep like some other undergrad textbooks. You'll need other books for 2nd and 3rd year, but you will keep refering to this book even then. Overall, a very good textbook. Well worth the price.

Microbiology Textbook, 01 Dec 2005
First of all, this is a specified module book for Microbiology & Immunology. It is a really interesting book with clear diagrams and enlightening pictures. The easy-to-use layout makes reading the book much more simpler and finding appropriate information is quick. The chapters are well organised and the online content, assuming you have the internet is worth having a look through. You may find if your student studying this, then you wiill be asked to join a 'class'. If not, like me, you will find the content relates to the book and gives you tutorials and the option to quiz yourself.

Excellent Microbiology Text, 05 Oct 2005
Brock Biology of Microorganisms is one of the best student texts around today for Microbiology students, not only for undergraduate but is also a great help for postgraduate courses as well.

Nice to see a new edition which has managed to keep up with all the recent changes in the field

Magnificant Microbiology, 14 Apr 2003
This is a really sound text book which brings the new and experienced microbiologists something a little different.The flowing chapters and writing bring you up to speed with modern concepts in biology & microbiology and then the latter parts tell you more and more about subtle differences and generally more indepth than most general microbiology texts.This is a very usesfull reference point for 2nd and 3rd yr students and simply the best place to start for 1st yr students.Mightily Magnificant Microbiology (ps sorry about the alliteration puns)

GOOD SCIENCE,BAD HISTORY, 23 Sep 2008
This would be an excellent work were it not for the careless historical errors.Prof Crawford seems to think for example that the little ice age began in 1450 and that British rule in India ended in 2007.It would be tedious to list all the mistakes,so just take page 79 where the author mixes up Justinian & Constantine and apparently thinks that the western Roman Empire still existed in the former' s time.Was this book checked by a historian at all ? The poor grasp of elementary historial fact is a great pity,otherwise this book would deserve high marks

Not quite dull, 04 Mar 2008
History is full of fascinating stories of how infectious diseases have impacted upon the course of human history. Some of these stories are relatively small ones, like the appalling effect of poor sanitation on the lives of the poor in sprawling urban societies. Other stories have epic sweep:the Black Death, or the devastating introduction of Old World diseases to the New World.

Sadly, the author of this book couldn't tell a good story to save her life. She is extremely well-informed, very good at explaining the microbiology of the illnesses she describes, and if you read this book you will be a better educated person. But that simplicity of expression comes at a price. The written style is flat, there is no sense of narrative, no story-telling, and some gripping stories pass by with all the excitement of an auditor's report. The overall effect is of a university lecturer trying very hard to make a dull subject interesting; in doing so this book almost succeeds in making a fascinating subject dull.

It may be a matter of taste: here is a scientist writing about history. Perhaps I would have preferred to read a book written by a historian about science.

But it's interesting enough. I don't regret having bought it. And I'm now *much* better informed about Yersina Pestis.


Scholarly, interesting, well-written and alarming, 23 Jan 2008
The author is a professor of microbiology who has written an excellent book for the lay-person interested in the struggle between microbes and humans. It's partly a history of the ever-changing balance between the two from early man as a hunter/gatherer to modern urbane life. She makes it very clear how the development of agriculture and the gathering together of people into towns has increased our vulnerability to a greater range of organisms.

At times it reads almost like a war as viruses, bacteria and fungi rapidly mutate and sometimes collaborate to defeat our immune systems. I have a biological background but learned a lot about the latest microbiological research which is revealing just how well these microbes are doing in infecting us to their benefit. After reading this book I feel more alarmed at just how vulnerable we are to new microbes evolving with lethal power, but it also made me think more about how to avoid helping them by,for example, taking unnecessary antibiotics or failing to complete a course of treatment.



Highly practical, 20 Oct 2006
I used this book while working as a volunteer doctor in Zambia and Uganda. It is clear, concise and very practical. The fact that my copy is now so battered is a testament to its usefulness! The only are that I think could be expanded is the HIV chapter as that seemed to make up the bulk of my work.

If you are planning to work in the tropics then this book is a must.

By far the best undergraduate general Microbiology text, 14 Oct 2008
"Brock" (as it's known!) is without doubt not just the best Microbiology textbook available but one of the best textbooks period. The book is logically set out, beginning with basic introductory material covering areas such as how we define a microorganism, cell structure, evolution, diversity and biochemistry before moving on to more complex general topics, including microbial growth, bioenergetics, catabolism and molecular biology. Brevia on Virology and Mycology are given, before moving on to the main sections on Bacteria and Archaea, arranged in terms of the taxonomy used in Bergey's Manual (the Microbiology Bible), going through the Proteobacteria by Class before covering Gram positive Bacteria and all the other various groups. Archaea are covered in more depth than you'd find in any other general Microbiology text, which is fantastic. The book ends with various applied topics such as medical Microbiology, Biotechnology, Ecology and Biogeochemistry.

The text is a very rich one - it's clearly laid out with a good use of colour and some absolutely beautiful photographs and photomicrographs, which are related directly to the text and serve to really reinforce points, rather than just to illustrate them. Concept Checks and Review Questions compliment each section and draw together material from other areas. As textbooks go, you really couldn't want anything more. With every edition, Brock just goes from strength to strengh.

Great Textbook, 14 Feb 2006
This book is great for Microbiology Undergraduates. The layout is perfect for studying and revising, and the information is presented in a clear manner. Doesn't put you to sleep like some other undergrad textbooks. You'll need other books for 2nd and 3rd year, but you will keep refering to this book even then. Overall, a very good textbook. Well worth the price.

Microbiology Textbook, 01 Dec 2005
First of all, this is a specified module book for Microbiology & Immunology. It is a really interesting book with clear diagrams and enlightening pictures. The easy-to-use layout makes reading the book much more simpler and finding appropriate information is quick. The chapters are well organised and the online content, assuming you have the internet is worth having a look through. You may find if your student studying this, then you wiill be asked to join a 'class'. If not, like me, you will find the content relates to the book and gives you tutorials and the option to quiz yourself.

Excellent Microbiology Text, 05 Oct 2005
Brock Biology of Microorganisms is one of the best student texts around today for Microbiology students, not only for undergraduate but is also a great help for postgraduate courses as well.

Nice to see a new edition which has managed to keep up with all the recent changes in the field

Magnificant Microbiology, 14 Apr 2003
This is a really sound text book which brings the new and experienced microbiologists something a little different.The flowing chapters and writing bring you up to speed with modern concepts in biology & microbiology and then the latter parts tell you more and more about subtle differences and generally more indepth than most general microbiology texts.This is a very usesfull reference point for 2nd and 3rd yr students and simply the best place to start for 1st yr students.Mightily Magnificant Microbiology (ps sorry about the alliteration puns)

GOOD SCIENCE,BAD HISTORY, 23 Sep 2008
This would be an excellent work were it not for the careless historical errors.Prof Crawford seems to think for example that the little ice age began in 1450 and that British rule in India ended in 2007.It would be tedious to list all the mistakes,so just take page 79 where the author mixes up Justinian & Constantine and apparently thinks that the western Roman Empire still existed in the former' s time.Was this book checked by a historian at all ? The poor grasp of elementary historial fact is a great pity,otherwise this book would deserve high marks

Not quite dull, 04 Mar 2008
History is full of fascinating stories of how infectious diseases have impacted upon the course of human history. Some of these stories are relatively small ones, like the appalling effect of poor sanitation on the lives of the poor in sprawling urban societies. Other stories have epic sweep:the Black Death, or the devastating introduction of Old World diseases to the New World.

Sadly, the author of this book couldn't tell a good story to save her life. She is extremely well-informed, very good at explaining the microbiology of the illnesses she describes, and if you read this book you will be a better educated person. But that simplicity of expression comes at a price. The written style is flat, there is no sense of narrative, no story-telling, and some gripping stories pass by with all the excitement of an auditor's report. The overall effect is of a university lecturer trying very hard to make a dull subject interesting; in doing so this book almost succeeds in making a fascinating subject dull.

It may be a matter of taste: here is a scientist writing about history. Perhaps I would have preferred to read a book written by a historian about science.

But it's interesting enough. I don't regret having bought it. And I'm now *much* better informed about Yersina Pestis.


Scholarly, interesting, well-written and alarming, 23 Jan 2008
The author is a professor of microbiology who has written an excellent book for the lay-person interested in the struggle between microbes and humans. It's partly a history of the ever-changing balance between the two from early man as a hunter/gatherer to modern urbane life. She makes it very clear how the development of agriculture and the gathering together of people into towns has increased our vulnerability to a greater range of organisms.

At times it reads almost like a war as viruses, bacteria and fungi rapidly mutate and sometimes collaborate to defeat our immune systems. I have a biological background but learned a lot about the latest microbiological research which is revealing just how well these microbes are doing in infecting us to their benefit. After reading this book I feel more alarmed at just how vulnerable we are to new microbes evolving with lethal power, but it also made me think more about how to avoid helping them by,for example, taking unnecessary antibiotics or failing to complete a course of treatment.



Highly practical, 20 Oct 2006
I used this book while working as a volunteer doctor in Zambia and Uganda. It is clear, concise and very practical. The fact that my copy is now so battered is a testament to its usefulness! The only are that I think could be expanded is the HIV chapter as that seemed to make up the bulk of my work.

If you are planning to work in the tropics then this book is a must.

Biology as Seen from E. coli, a mere Bacterium, Courtesy of Carl Zimmer, 08 Aug 2008
With the trained eyes of a scientist and the soul of poet, eminent science writer Carl Zimmer takes us on an all too brief, yet fascinating, trek into contemporary biology, as seen from the perspective of the bacterium Escherichia coli, in his latest book, "Microcosm: E. coli and the New Science of Life". More than a mere recounting of decades of elegant scientific research from the likes of Joshua Lederberg and Salvador Luria, among others, "Microcosm" is truly a book about contemporary biology itself, tying in almost every facet of it, from systematics to population genetics and ecology, and even, paleobiology. But it is a book that takes such an in-depth exploration of biology from the unique perspective of a rather most unassuming organism - or at least what readers might think - the bacterium E. coli, whose ubiquitous habitats include the intestinal tracts of humans and other mammals. Indeed, E. coli is truly a wonderful organismal metaphor for describing all of biology in its totality, as evidenced, for example, in one of Zimmer's terse chapters devoted to the evolution of cooperation amongst organisms via mechanisms such as natural selection and kin selection; an elegant experimental analogue to the types of selective pressures operating on other, more complex, organisms, including us. Indeed, "Microcosm" ought to be regarded as "Macrocosm", since Zimmer has offered an elegant, often poetic, exploration of all of biology, by demonstrating E. coli's scientific relevance to humanity.

If there is indeed one important underlying theme to "Microcosm", then perhaps it is the prevalence of sex in this single-celled organism, and its importance as a key ingredient in understanding evolution, which was recognized decades ago by a young Joshua Lederberg. Zimmer describes how E. coli has demonstrated the veracity of Darwin's concept of natural selection, via an elegant "slot machine" experiment designed by Salvador Luria, and culminating now in the ongoing experiment by microbial ecologist Richard Lenski; Zimmer's engaging account of which is among the most important highlights of this book (Yet as a brief aside, I am surprised Zimmer did not mention that Lenski's research is offering experimental proof of evolutionary stasis, as defined by paleontologists Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould in their theory of punctuated equilibrium; a point emphasized in a relatively recent paper co-authored by Lenski, Eldredge and others.). Zimmer also devotes ample time touching on other aspects of E. coli's evolutionary ecology from a public health perspective, tracing the origins of epidemics caused by toxic strains of this otherwise benign prokaryote. There is also, regrettably, ample discussion too of creationist interest in E. coli as an example of an organism created by an "Intelligent Designer"; Zimmer notes correctly that creationists were interested in its flagellum years before the bacterial flagellum became important "proof" supporting leading Intelligent Design advocate Michael Behe's concept of "Irreducible Complexity", and how this "proof" was demolished effectively by prominent Intelligent Design critic Ken Miller during the 2005 Kitzmiller vs. Dover Area School District trial.

Biology as Seen from E. coli, a mere Bacterium, Courtesy of Carl Zimmer, 08 Aug 2008
With the trained eyes of a scientist and the soul of poet, eminent science writer Carl Zimmer takes us on an all too brief, yet fascinating, trek into contemporary biology, as seen from the perspective of the bacterium Escherichia coli, in his latest book, "Microcosm: E. coli and the New Science of Life". More than a mere recounting of decades of elegant scientific research from the likes of Joshua Lederberg and Salvador Luria, among others, "Microcosm" is truly a book about contemporary biology itself, tying in almost every facet of it, from systematics to population genetics and ecology, and even, paleobiology. But it is a book that takes such an in-depth exploration of biology from the unique perspective of a rather most unassuming organism - or at least what readers might think - the bacterium E. coli, whose ubiquitous habitats include the intestinal tracts of humans and other mammals. Indeed, E. coli is truly a wonderful organismal metaphor for describing all of biology in its totality, as evidenced, for example, in one of Zimmer's terse chapters devoted to the evolution of cooperation amongst organisms via mechanisms such as natural selection and kin selection; an elegant experimental analogue to the types of selective pressures operating on other, more complex, organisms, including us. Indeed, "Microcosm" ought to be regarded as "Macrocosm", since Zimmer has offered an elegant, often poetic, exploration of all of biology, by demonstrating E. coli's scientific relevance to humanity.

If there is indeed one important underlying theme to "Microcosm", then perhaps it is the prevalence of sex in this single-celled organism, and its importance as a key ingredient in understanding evolution, which was recognized decades ago by a young Joshua Lederberg. Zimmer describes how E. coli has demonstrated the veracity of Darwin's concept of natural selection, via an elegant "slot machine" experiment designed by Salvador Luria, and culminating now in the ongoing experiment by microbial ecologist Richard Lenski; Zimmer's engaging account of which is among the most important highlights of this book (Yet as a brief aside, I am surprised Zimmer did not mention that Lenski's research is offering experimental proof of evolutionary stasis, as defined by paleontologists Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould in their theory of punctuated equilibrium; a point emphasized in a relatively recent paper co-authored by Lenski, Eldredge and others.). Zimmer also devotes ample time touching on other aspects of E. coli's evolutionary ecology from a public health perspective, tracing the origins of epidemics caused by toxic strains of this otherwise benign prokaryote. There is also, regrettably, ample discussion too of creationist interest in E. coli as an example of an organism created by an "Intelligent Designer"; Zimmer notes correctly that creationists were interested in its flagellum years before the bacterial flagellum became important "proof" supporting leading Intelligent Design advocate Michael Behe's concept of "Irreducible Complexity", and how this "proof" was demolished effectively by prominent Intelligent Design critic Ken Miller during the 2005 Kitzmiller vs. Dover Area School District trial.

You're playing host today, 11 May 2008
You didn't possess a single one when you were born. Now, there are trillions of them, mostly enjoying the warm hospitality of your gut. If you are recently born, they may have been put into you on purpose. They are the famous/infamous Escherichia coli microbes of our inner selves - billions of them residing peacefully in each of our intestinal tracts. Carl Zimmer has added yet another gem in his crown as North America's premier science writer with this comprehensive and insightful account. Zimmer's talent lies in taking up serious science that deals with complex issues, and then putting it down in a way that seizes and holds your interest. More importantly, he informs you on topics relevant to your daily life - and prompts you to think about future decisions. While the subject may seem off-beat or esoteric, rest assured that "Microcosm" is aptly titled, with a host of life's secrets tucked away in how this microbe lives.

The microbe was first identified in 1885 by Theodore Escherich, who was struck by the "massive, luxurious growth" it could achieve. He dubbed it "a common bacteria of the colon", having no idea of its prowess or future role. Renamed Escherichia coli in the following century, the microbe entered an unexpected role in research - from medicine to evolutionary biology. Zimmer stresses this role and its importance in science, technology, business and even government through this account. Understanding those roles is fundamental to understanding the importance of this fine book - and why it's important for you to read it.

E. coli long played an enigmatic role in science - it was "discovered" more than once. Microbiology, not unlike palaeoanthropology, was once divided between the "splitters" and the "lumpers". Was each similar but distinct new organism a new species or just a variation on a theme. In E. coli's case, the "lumpers" prevailed and Zimmer explains clearly about "strains" of E. coli and their significance to us. The "K-12" strain is the one chiefly used as a standard for biological research. It's considered harmless to humans - as one researcher demonstrated by drinking a water glass filled with it. On the other hand, not long after Escherich's discovery, a Japanese scientist who was trying to fathom an outbreak of dysentery, isolated a bacterium resembling the German's find. Thinking it a different species, they named it "Shigella". It wasn't a new species, it was a strain of E. coli. That strain "O157:H7" plays a large role in this book because it is a serious disrupter of the human gut. And we brought it into existence.

The ubiquitous nature of E. coli and the various strains identified rendered it the workhorse of biological research laboratories. It is easy to modify by changing conditions like food supplies, temperature and assaulting it with viruses or chemicals all provide answers to how it works. In so doing, it also explains to us how life works, and how it likely worked in the past. Advances in technologies not only provided maps of E. coli's genome, it was found the genome could be tampered with successfully. Genes could be removed and inserted. So long as the basic life-support genes were left unscathed, E. coli would merrily perform for the scientists. Viruses might be resisted or even ousted after an infection. More astonishing to early researchers, it was seen that E. coli could pick up genes from a virus or other microbes and change its own genome. Today, there are those contending viruses inserting genes into DNA have driven evolution itself. Why do we have over 3 billion base pairs in a genome with only 18 thousand working genes? Invading viruses in our ancestors - and those of E. coli - have left traceable remnants.

The author doesn't confine himself to accounts of laboratory research and analyses. E. coli research has led to numerous social and even legal questions. The latter is best revealed in a lively account of the recent trial in Dover, Pennsylvania. There, a school board insisted on biology teachers reading a challenge to Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. The board demanded the adding of elements of the "intelligent design" proposal to the course. Zimmer's account of the testimony and witness exchanges resulted in the presiding judge dismissing "ID" as based on fallacious assumptions and bearing no scientific credibility. The social questions are broader and of greater concern. Forty years ago, as the potential for E. coli as a working tool to manipulate genetic information emerged, public outcry and researchers' own reflections on possibilities led to a brief interruption in "genetic engineering" efforts. With various safeguards in place, Zimmer explains, advances continued. He notes that fears about things like "Frankenfood" are generally baseless, given the long history of Nature's own tinkering with genetic processes. An informed, reasoned approach is required to determine which claims for benefits are possible and which threats, if any, need further addressing. He even manages to address issues in "exobiology", the prospect of either finding life on another planet, or introducing it there.

The wide sweep of topics, thoroughly and effectively addressed by this author make this book a treat to read and an asset to retain. It's Pulitzer or Aventis Prize material and deserves the highest recognition. [stephen a. haines - Ottawa, Canada]

By far the best undergraduate general Microbiology text, 14 Oct 2008
"Brock" (as it's known!) is without doubt not just the best Microbiology textbook available but one of the best textbooks period. The book is logically set out, beginning with basic introductory material covering areas such as how we define a microorganism, cell structure, evolution, diversity and biochemistry before moving on to more complex general topics, including microbial growth, bioenergetics, catabolism and molecular biology. Brevia on Virology and Mycology are given, before moving on to the main sections on Bacteria and Archaea, arranged in terms of the taxonomy used in Bergey's Manual (the Microbiology Bible), going through the Proteobacteria by Class before covering Gram positive Bacteria and all the other various groups. Archaea are covered in more depth than you'd find in any other general Microbiology text, which is fantastic. The book ends with various applied topics such as medical Microbiology, Biotechnology, Ecology and Biogeochemistry.

The text is a very rich one - it's clearly laid out with a good use of colour and some absolutely beautiful photographs and photomicrographs, which are related directly to the text and serve to really reinforce points, rather than just to illustrate them. Concept Checks and Review Questions compliment each section and draw together material from other areas. As textbooks go, you really couldn't want anything more. With every edition, Brock just goes from strength to strengh.

Great Textbook, 14 Feb 2006
This book is great for Microbiology Undergraduates. The layout is perfect for studying and revising, and the information is presented in a clear manner. Doesn't put you to sleep like some other undergrad textbooks. You'll need other books for 2nd and 3rd year, but you will keep refering to this book even then. Overall, a very good textbook. Well worth the price.

Microbiology Textbook, 01 Dec 2005
First of all, this is a specified module book for Microbiology & Immunology. It is a really interesting book with clear diagrams and enlightening pictures. The easy-to-use layout makes reading the book much more simpler and finding appropriate information is quick. The chapters are well organised and the online content, assuming you have the internet is worth having a look through. You may find if your student studying this, then you wiill be asked to join a 'class'. If not, like me, you will find the content relates to the book and gives you tutorials and the option to quiz yourself.

Excellent Microbiology Text, 05 Oct 2005
Brock Biology of Microorganisms is one of the best student texts around today for Microbiology students, not only for undergraduate but is also a great help for postgraduate courses as well.

Nice to see a new edition which has managed to keep up with all the recent changes in the field

Magnificant Microbiology, 14 Apr 2003
This is a really sound text book which brings the new and experienced microbiologists something a little different.The flowing chapters and writing bring you up to speed with modern concepts in biology & microbiology and then the latter parts tell you more and more about subtle differences and generally more indepth than most general microbiology texts.This is a very usesfull reference point for 2nd and 3rd yr students and simply the best place to start for 1st yr students.Mightily Magnificant Microbiology (ps sorry about the alliteration puns)

GOOD SCIENCE,BAD HISTORY, 23 Sep 2008
This would be an excellent work were it not for the careless historical errors.Prof Crawford seems to think for example that the little ice age began in 1450 and that British rule in India ended in 2007.It would be tedious to list all the mistakes,so just take page 79 where the author mixes up Justinian & Constantine and apparently thinks that the western Roman Empire still existed in the former' s time.Was this book checked by a historian at all ? The poor grasp of elementary historial fact is a great pity,otherwise this book would deserve high marks

Not quite dull, 04 Mar 2008
History is full of fascinating stories of how infectious diseases have impacted upon the course of human history. Some of these stories are relatively small ones, like the appalling effect of poor sanitation on the lives of the poor in sprawling urban societies. Other stories have epic sweep:the Black Death, or the devastating introduction of Old World diseases to the New World.

Sadly, the author of this book couldn't tell a good story to save her life. She is extremely well-informed, very good at explaining the microbiology of the illnesses she describes, and if you read this book you will be a better educated person. But that simplicity of expression comes at a price. The written style is flat, there is no sense of narrative, no story-telling, and some gripping stories pass by with all the excitement of an auditor's report. The overall effect is of a university lecturer trying very hard to make a dull subject interesting; in doing so this book almost succeeds in making a fascinating subject dull.

It may be a matter of taste: here is a scientist writing about history. Perhaps I would have preferred to read a book written by a historian about science.

But it's interesting enough. I don't regret having bought it. And I'm now *much* better informed about Yersina Pestis.


Scholarly, interesting, well-written and alarming, 23 Jan 2008
The author is a professor of microbiology who has written an excellent book for the lay-person interested in the struggle between microbes and humans. It's partly a history of the ever-changing balance between the two from early man as a hunter/gatherer to modern urbane life. She makes it very clear how the development of agriculture and the gathering together of people into towns has increased our vulnerability to a greater range of organisms.

At times it reads almost like a war as viruses, bacteria and fungi rapidly mutate and sometimes collaborate to defeat our immune systems. I have a biological background but learned a lot about the latest microbiological research which is revealing just how well these microbes are doing in infecting us to their benefit. After reading this book I feel more alarmed at just how vulnerable we are to new microbes evolving with lethal power, but it also made me think more about how to avoid helping them by,for example, taking unnecessary antibiotics or failing to complete a course of treatment.



Highly practical, 20 Oct 2006
I used this book while working as a volunteer doctor in Zambia and Uganda. It is clear, concise and very practical. The fact that my copy is now so battered is a testament to its usefulness! The only are that I think could be expanded is the HIV chapter as that seemed to make up the bulk of my work.

If you are planning to work in the tropics then this book is a must.

Biology as Seen from E. coli, a mere Bacterium, Courtesy of Carl Zimmer, 08 Aug 2008
With the trained eyes of a scientist and the soul of poet, eminent science writer Carl Zimmer takes us on an all too brief, yet fascinating, trek into contemporary biology, as seen from the perspective of the bacterium Escherichia coli, in his latest book, "Microcosm: E. coli and the New Science of Life". More than a mere recounting of decades of elegant scientific research from the likes of Joshua Lederberg and Salvador Luria, among others, "Microcosm" is truly a book about contemporary biology itself, tying in almost every facet of it, from systematics to population genetics and ecology, and even, paleobiology. But it is a book that takes such an in-depth exploration of biology from the unique perspective of a rather most unassuming organism - or at least what readers might think - the bacterium E. coli, whose ubiquitous habitats include the intestinal tracts of humans and other mammals. Indeed, E. coli is truly a wonderful organismal metaphor for describing all of biology in its totality, as evidenced, for example, in one of Zimmer's terse chapters devoted to the evolution of cooperation amongst organisms via mechanisms such as natural selection and kin selection; an elegant experimental analogue to the types of selective pressures operating on other, more complex, organisms, including us. Indeed, "Microcosm" ought to be regarded as "Macrocosm", since Zimmer has offered an elegant, often poetic, exploration of all of biology, by demonstrating E. coli's scientific relevance to humanity.

If there is indeed one important underlying theme to "Microcosm", then perhaps it is the prevalence of sex in this single-celled organism, and its importance as a key ingredient in understanding evolution, which was recognized decades ago by a young Joshua Lederberg. Zimmer describes how E. coli has demonstrated the veracity of Darwin's concept of natural selection, via an elegant "slot machine" experiment designed by Salvador Luria, and culminating now in the ongoing experiment by microbial ecologist Richard Lenski; Zimmer's engaging account of which is among the most important highlights of this book (Yet as a brief aside, I am surprised Zimmer did not mention that Lenski's research is offering experimental proof of evolutionary stasis, as defined by paleontologists Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould in their theory of punctuated equilibrium; a point emphasized in a relatively recent paper co-authored by Lenski, Eldredge and others.). Zimmer also devotes ample time touching on other aspects of E. coli's evolutionary ecology from a public health perspective, tracing the origins of epidemics caused by toxic strains of this otherwise benign prokaryote. There is also, regrettably, ample discussion too of creationist interest in E. coli as an example of an organism created by an "Intelligent Designer"; Zimmer notes correctly that creationists were interested in its flagellum years before the bacterial flagellum became important "proof" supporting leading Intelligent Design advocate Michael Behe's concept of "Irreducible Complexity", and how this "proof" was demolished effectively by prominent Intelligent Design critic Ken Miller during the 2005 Kitzmiller vs. Dover Area School District trial.

Biology as Seen from E. coli, a mere Bacterium, Courtesy of Carl Zimmer, 08 Aug 2008
With the trained eyes of a scientist and the soul of poet, eminent science writer Carl Zimmer takes us on an all too brief, yet fascinating, trek into contemporary biology, as seen from the perspective of the bacterium Escherichia coli, in his latest book, "Microcosm: E. coli and the New Science of Life". More than a mere recounting of decades of elegant scientific research from the likes of Joshua Lederberg and Salvador Luria, among others, "Microcosm" is truly a book about contemporary biology itself, tying in almost every facet of it, from systematics to population genetics and ecology, and even, paleobiology. But it is a book that takes such an in-depth exploration of biology from the unique perspective of a rather most unassuming organism - or at least what readers might think - the bacterium E. coli, whose ubiquitous habitats include the intestinal tracts of humans and other mammals. Indeed, E. coli is truly a wonderful organismal metaphor for describing all of biology in its totality, as evidenced, for example, in one of Zimmer's terse chapters devoted to the evolution of cooperation amongst organisms via mechanisms such as natural selection and kin selection; an elegant experimental analogue to the types of selective pressures operating on other, more complex, organisms, including us. Indeed, "Microcosm" ought to be regarded as "Macrocosm", since Zimmer has offered an elegant, often poetic, exploration of all of biology, by demonstrating E. coli's scientific relevance to humanity.

If there is indeed one important underlying theme to "Microcosm", then perhaps it is the prevalence of sex in this single-celled organism, and its importance as a key ingredient in understanding evolution, which was recognized decades ago by a young Joshua Lederberg. Zimmer describes how E. coli has demonstrated the veracity of Darwin's concept of natural selection, via an elegant "slot machine" experiment designed by Salvador Luria, and culminating now in the ongoing experiment by microbial ecologist Richard Lenski; Zimmer's engaging account of which is among the most important highlights of this book (Yet as a brief aside, I am surprised Zimmer did not mention that Lenski's research is offering experimental proof of evolutionary stasis, as defined by paleontologists Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould in their theory of punctuated equilibrium; a point emphasized in a relatively recent paper co-authored by Lenski, Eldredge and others.). Zimmer also devotes ample time touching on other aspects of E. coli's evolutionary ecology from a public health perspective, tracing the origins of epidemics caused by toxic strains of this otherwise benign prokaryote. There is also, regrettably, ample discussion too of creationist interest in E. coli as an example of an organism created by an "Intelligent Designer"; Zimmer notes correctly that creationists were interested in its flagellum years before the bacterial flagellum became important "proof" supporting leading Intelligent Design advocate Michael Behe's concept of "Irreducible Complexity", and how this "proof" was demolished effectively by prominent Intelligent Design critic Ken Miller during the 2005 Kitzmiller vs. Dover Area School District trial.

You're playing host today, 11 May 2008
You didn't possess a single one when you were born. Now, there are trillions of them, mostly enjoying the warm hospitality of your gut. If you are recently born, they may have been put into you on purpose. They are the famous/infamous Escherichia coli microbes of our inner selves - billions of them residing peacefully in each of our intestinal tracts. Carl Zimmer has added yet another gem in his crown as North America's premier science writer with this comprehensive and insightful account. Zimmer's talent lies in taking up serious science that deals with complex issues, and then putting it down in a way that seizes and holds your interest. More importantly, he informs you on topics relevant to your daily life - and prompts you to think about future decisions. While the subject may seem off-beat or esoteric, rest assured that "Microcosm" is aptly titled, with a host of life's secrets tucked away in how this microbe lives.

The microbe was first identified in 1885 by Theodore Escherich, who was struck by the "massive, luxurious growth" it could achieve. He dubbed it "a common bacteria of the colon", having no idea of its prowess or future role. Renamed Escherichia coli in the following century, the microbe entered an unexpected role in research - from medicine to evolutionary biology. Zimmer stresses this role and its importance in science, technology, business and even government through this account. Understanding those roles is fundamental to understanding the importance of this fine book - and why it's important for you to read it.

E. coli long played an enigmatic role in science - it was "discovered" more than once. Microbiology, not unlike palaeoanthropology, was once divided between the "splitters" and the "lumpers". Was each similar but distinct new organism a new species or just a variation on a theme. In E. coli's case, the "lumpers" prevailed and Zimmer explains clearly about "strains" of E. coli and their significance to us. The "K-12" strain is the one chiefly used as a standard for biological research. It's considered harmless to humans - as one researcher demonstrated by drinking a water glass filled with it. On the other hand, not long after Escherich's discovery, a Japanese scientist who was trying to fathom an outbreak of dysentery, isolated a bacterium resembling the German's find. Thinking it a different species, they named it "Shigella". It wasn't a new species, it was a strain of E. coli. That strain "O157:H7" plays a large role in this book because it is a serious disrupter of the human gut. And we brought it into existence.

The ubiquitous nature of E. coli and the various strains identified rendered it the workhorse of biological research laboratories. It is easy to modify by changing conditions like food supplies, temperature and assaulting it with viruses or chemicals all provide answers to how it works. In so doing, it also explains to us how life works, and how it likely worked in the past. Advances in technologies not only provided maps of E. coli's genome, it was found the genome could be tampered with successfully. Genes could be removed and inserted. So long as the basic life-support genes were left unscathed, E. coli would merrily perform for the scientists. Viruses might be resisted or even ousted after an infection. More astonishing to early researchers, it was seen that E. coli could pick up genes from a virus or other microbes and change its own genome. Today, there are those contending viruses inserting genes into DNA have driven evolution itself. Why do we have over 3 billion base pairs in a genome with only 18 thousand working genes? Invading viruses in our ancestors - and those of E. coli - have left traceable remnants.

The author doesn't confine himself to accounts of laboratory research and analyses. E. coli research has led to numerous social and even legal questions. The latter is best revealed in a lively account of the recent trial in Dover, Pennsylvania. There, a school board insisted on biology teachers reading a challenge to Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. The board demanded the adding of elements of the "intelligent design" proposal to the course. Zimmer's account of the testimony and witness exchanges resulted in the presiding judge dismissing "ID" as based on fallacious assumptions and bearing no scientific credibility. The social questions are broader and of greater concern. Forty years ago, as the potential for E. coli as a working tool to manipulate genetic information emerged, public outcry and researchers' own reflections on possibilities led to a brief interruption in "genetic engineering" efforts. With various safeguards in place, Zimmer explains, advances continued. He notes that fears about things like "Frankenfood" are generally baseless, given the long history of Nature's own tinkering with genetic processes. An informed, reasoned approach is required to determine which claims for benefits are possible and which threats, if any, need further addressing. He even manages to address issues in "exobiology", the prospect of either finding life on another planet, or introducing it there.

The wide sweep of topics, thoroughly and effectively addressed by this author make this book a treat to read and an asset to retain. It's Pulitzer or Aventis Prize material and deserves the highest recognition. [stephen a. haines - Ottawa, Canada]


A good basic text, 27 Jun 2007
There are a lot of microbiology textbooks out there and I feel that they all assume you know things that you don't! This book takes it right from the start, and covers the basics of microbiology first, and goes on to deal with infection and infection control, immunization etc. It's very easy to read, and would be good for anyone who is new to the topic, but I would suspect you would need something a bit more substantial if you were a microbiologist. It's good for medics and healthcare workers though and makes the topic much easier to get to grips with.


An essential study aid., 20 Mar 2006
Medical Microbiology at a Glance is a very useful study aid for pre-clinical medical students. It lays out the basic essential facts you need to know as a medical student.

The other reviewer is probably right, this is nowhere near detailed enough if you're doing a dedicated microbiology course. However as an introduction to Medical Microbiology for medical students this is an easy to read and easy to understand text providing knowledge upon which students can later build a deeper and broader understanding of the subject.

"Modern medicine cannot be formulated in quiz-compends", 30 Aug 2004
course A: preclinical pathology and microbiology (150 students, 2nd yr)
This book will appeal to those students who like the "facts" pre-digested for rapid cramming before exams. As a teacher, like Flexner a century ago, I am averse to these "quiz compends" and feel they leave students with a transient and superficial exposure to the subject. I suspect that this review will encourage enormous numbers to purchase the book!

course B: honours school Infection & Immunity (50 students 3rd yr)
No use at this level.

course C: clinical microbiology & infectious disease (150 students 4th yr)
Essentially no value clinically.

Though the Berlin Wall has fallen, we find ourselves still struggling with an even older enemy in the eternal Common Cold War. Virologist Dorothy H Crawford has studied the link between Epstein-Barr virus and human cancer for years and casts a wary eye through the electron microscope to check up on them and report on our strange and occasionally deadly symbiosis in The Invisible Enemy.

This slim book, scholarly but accessible, examines these barely-living (or unliving, depending on whom you ask) gene packages with a strong emphasis on their disease-causing antics and the intellectual heroics of the various campaigns of eradication and control humans have waged for centuries. Though biological relativists might cringe occasionally at Crawford's dogged humanocentrism, few of them would really pine for the days of smallpox or embrace the raging HIV pandemic if pressed. Crawford looks at the wake of devastation left by these two viruses as well as her own favorite subject, which is strongly implicated in the formation of many cancers. Going a bit farther afield, she explains the weird behavior of the non-genetic reproduction of prions that cause Creutzfeldt-Jakob Disease and bovine spongiform encephalopathy; though these scary proteins aren't viruses by any definition, their behavior is similar enough to warrant inclusion. The Invisible Enemy, calmer than its title would suggest, provokes a sense of optimism in the reader; though the war might last forever, we can hope for fewer and fewer casualties as the years go by.--Rob Lightner

By far the best undergraduate general Microbiology text, 14 Oct 2008
"Brock" (as it's known!) is without doubt not just the best Microbiology textbook available but one of the best textbooks period. The book is logically set out, beginning with basic introductory material covering areas such as how we define a microorganism, cell structure, evolution, diversity and biochemistry before moving on to more complex general topics, including microbial growth, bioenergetics, catabolism and molecular biology. Brevia on Virology and Mycology are given, before moving on to the main sections on Bacteria and Archaea, arranged in terms of the taxonomy used in Bergey's Manual (the Microbiology Bible), going through the Proteobacteria by Class before covering Gram positive Bacteria and all the other various groups. Archaea are covered in more depth than you'd find in any other general Microbiology text, which is fantastic. The book ends with various applied topics such as medical Microbiology, Biotechnology, Ecology and Biogeochemistry.

The text is a very rich one - it's clearly laid out with a good use of colour and some absolutely beautiful photographs and photomicrographs, which are related directly to the text and serve to really reinforce points, rather than just to illustrate them. Concept Checks and Review Questions compliment each section and draw together material from other areas. As textbooks go, you really couldn't want anything more. With every edition, Brock just goes from strength to strengh.

Great Textbook, 14 Feb 2006
This book is great for Microbiology Undergraduates. The layout is perfect for studying and revising, and the information is presented in a clear manner. Doesn't put you to sleep like some other undergrad textbooks. You'll need other books for 2nd and 3rd year, but you will keep refering to this book even then. Overall, a very good textbook. Well worth the price.

Microbiology Textbook, 01 Dec 2005
First of all, this is a specified module book for Microbiology & Immunology. It is a really interesting book with clear diagrams and enlightening pictures. The easy-to-use layout makes reading the book much more simpler and finding appropriate information is quick. The chapters are well organised and the online content, assuming you have the internet is worth having a look through. You may find if your student studying this, then you wiill be asked to join a 'class'. If not, like me, you will find the content relates to the book and gives you tutorials and the option to quiz yourself.

Excellent Microbiology Text, 05 Oct 2005
Brock Biology of Microorganisms is one of the best student texts around today for Microbiology students, not only for undergraduate but is also a great help for postgraduate courses as well.

Nice to see a new edition which has managed to keep up with all the recent changes in the field

Magnificant Microbiology, 14 Apr 2003
This is a really sound text book which brings the new and experienced microbiologists something a little different.The flowing chapters and writing bring you up to speed with modern concepts in biology & microbiology and then the latter parts tell you more and more about subtle differences and generally more indepth than most general microbiology texts.This is a very usesfull reference point for 2nd and 3rd yr students and simply the best place to start for 1st yr students.Mightily Magnificant Microbiology (ps sorry about the alliteration puns)

GOOD SCIENCE,BAD HISTORY, 23 Sep 2008
This would be an excellent work were it not for the careless historical errors.Prof Crawford seems to think for example that the little ice age began in 1450 and that British rule in India ended in 2007.It would be tedious to list all the mistakes,so just take page 79 where the author mixes up Justinian & Constantine and apparently thinks that the western Roman Empire still existed in the former' s time.Was this book checked by a historian at all ? The poor grasp of elementary historial fact is a great pity,otherwise this book would deserve high marks

Not quite dull, 04 Mar 2008
History is full of fascinating stories of how infectious diseases have impacted upon the course of human history. Some of these stories are relatively small ones, like the appalling effect of poor sanitation on the lives of the poor in sprawling urban societies. Other stories have epic sweep:the Black Death, or the devastating introduction of Old World diseases to the New World.

Sadly, the author of this book couldn't tell a good story to save her life. She is extremely well-informed, very good at explaining the microbiology of the illnesses she describes, and if you read this book you will be a better educated person. But that simplicity of expression comes at a price. The written style is flat, there is no sense of narrative, no story-telling, and some gripping stories pass by with all the excitement of an auditor's report. The overall effect is of a university lecturer trying very hard to make a dull subject interesting; in doing so this book almost succeeds in making a fascinating subject dull.

It may be a matter of taste: here is a scientist writing about history. Perhaps I would have preferred to read a book written by a historian about science.

But it's interesting enough. I don't regret having bought it. And I'm now *much* better informed about Yersina Pestis.


Scholarly, interesting, well-written and alarming, 23 Jan 2008
The author is a professor of microbiology who has written an excellent book for the lay-person interested in the struggle between microbes and humans. It's partly a history of the ever-changing balance between the two from early man as a hunter/gatherer to modern urbane life. She makes it very clear how the development of agriculture and the gathering together of people into towns has increased our vulnerability to a greater range of organisms.

At times it reads almost like a war as viruses, bacteria and fungi rapidly mutate and sometimes collaborate to defeat our immune systems. I have a biological background but learned a lot about the latest microbiological research which is revealing just how well these microbes are doing in infecting us to their benefit. After reading this book I feel more alarmed at just how vulnerable we are to new microbes evolving with lethal power, but it also made me think more about how to avoid helping them by,for example, taking unnecessary antibiotics or failing to complete a course of treatment.



Highly practical, 20 Oct 2006
I used this book while working as a volunteer doctor in Zambia and Uganda. It is clear, concise and very practical. The fact that my copy is now so battered is a testament to its usefulness! The only are that I think could be expanded is the HIV chapter as that seemed to make up the bulk of my work.

If you are planning to work in the tropics then this book is a must.

Biology as Seen from E. coli, a mere Bacterium, Courtesy of Carl Zimmer, 08 Aug 2008
With the trained eyes of a scientist and the soul of poet, eminent science writer Carl Zimmer takes us on an all too brief, yet fascinating, trek into contemporary biology, as seen from the perspective of the bacterium Escherichia coli, in his latest book, "Microcosm: E. coli and the New Science of Life". More than a mere recounting of decades of elegant scientific research from the likes of Joshua Lederberg and Salvador Luria, among others, "Microcosm" is truly a book about contemporary biology itself, tying in almost every facet of it, from systematics to population genetics and ecology, and even, paleobiology. But it is a book that takes such an in-depth exploration of biology from the unique perspective of a rather most unassuming organism - or at least what readers might think - the bacterium E. coli, whose ubiquitous habitats include the intestinal tracts of humans and other mammals. Indeed, E. coli is truly a wonderful organismal metaphor for describing all of biology in its totality, as evidenced, for example, in one of Zimmer's terse chapters devoted to the evolution of cooperation amongst organisms via mechanisms such as natural selection and kin selection; an elegant experimental analogue to the types of selective pressures operating on other, more complex, organisms, including us. Indeed, "Microcosm" ought to be regarded as "Macrocosm", since Zimmer has offered an elegant, often poetic, exploration of all of biology, by demonstrating E. coli's scientific relevance to humanity.

If there is indeed one important underlying theme to "Microcosm", then perhaps it is the prevalence of sex in this single-celled organism, and its importance as a key ingredient in understanding evolution, which was recognized decades ago by a young Joshua Lederberg. Zimmer describes how E. coli has demonstrated the veracity of Darwin's concept of natural selection, via an elegant "slot machine" experiment designed by Salvador Luria, and culminating now in the ongoing experiment by microbial ecologist Richard Lenski; Zimmer's engaging account of which is among the most important highlights of this book (Yet as a brief aside, I am surprised Zimmer did not mention that Lenski's research is offering experimental proof of evolutionary stasis, as defined by paleontologists Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould in their theory of punctuated equilibrium; a point emphasized in a relatively recent paper co-authored by Lenski, Eldredge and others.). Zimmer also devotes ample time touching on other aspects of E. coli's evolutionary ecology from a public health perspective, tracing the origins of epidemics caused by toxic strains of this otherwise benign prokaryote. There is also, regrettably, ample discussion too of creationist interest in E. coli as an example of an organism created by an "Intelligent Designer"; Zimmer notes correctly that creationists were interested in its flagellum years before the bacterial flagellum became important "proof" supporting leading Intelligent Design advocate Michael Behe's concept of "Irreducible Complexity", and how this "proof" was demolished effectively by prominent Intelligent Design critic Ken Miller during the 2005 Kitzmiller vs. Dover Area School District trial.

Biology as Seen from E. coli, a mere Bacterium, Courtesy of Carl Zimmer, 08 Aug 2008
With the trained eyes of a scientist and the soul of poet, eminent science writer Carl Zimmer takes us on an all too brief, yet fascinating, trek into contemporary biology, as seen from the perspective of the bacterium Escherichia coli, in his latest book, "Microcosm: E. coli and the New Science of Life". More than a mere recounting of decades of elegant scientific research from the likes of Joshua Lederberg and Salvador Luria, among others, "Microcosm" is truly a book about contemporary biology itself, tying in almost every facet of it, from systematics to population genetics and ecology, and even, paleobiology. But it is a book that takes such an in-depth exploration of biology from the unique perspective of a rather most unassuming organism - or at least what readers might think - the bacterium E. coli, whose ubiquitous habitats include the intestinal tracts of humans and other mammals. Indeed, E. coli is truly a wonderful organismal metaphor for describing all of biology in its totality, as evidenced, for example, in one of Zimmer's terse chapters devoted to the evolution of cooperation amongst organisms via mechanisms such as natural selection and kin selection; an elegant experimental analogue to the types of selective pressures operating on other, more complex, organisms, including us. Indeed, "Microcosm" ought to be regarded as "Macrocosm", since Zimmer has offered an elegant, often poetic, exploration of all of biology, by demonstrating E. coli's scientific relevance to humanity.

If there is indeed one important underlying theme to "Microcosm", then perhaps it is the prevalence of sex in this single-celled organism, and its importance as a key ingredient in understanding evolution, which was recognized decades ago by a young Joshua Lederberg. Zimmer describes how E. coli has demonstrated the veracity of Darwin's concept of natural selection, via an elegant "slot machine" experiment designed by Salvador Luria, and culminating now in the ongoing experiment by microbial ecologist Richard Lenski; Zimmer's engaging account of which is among the most important highlights of this book (Yet as a brief aside, I am surprised Zimmer did not mention that Lenski's research is offering experimental proof of evolutionary stasis, as defined by paleontologists Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould in their theory of punctuated equilibrium; a point emphasized in a relatively recent paper co-authored by Lenski, Eldredge and others.). Zimmer also devotes ample time touching on other aspects of E. coli's evolutionary ecology from a public health perspective, tracing the origins of epidemics caused by toxic strains of this otherwise benign prokaryote. There is also, regrettably, ample discussion too of creationist interest in E. coli as an example of an organism created by an "Intelligent Designer"; Zimmer notes correctly that creationists were interested in its flagellum years before the bacterial flagellum became important "proof" supporting leading Intelligent Design advocate Michael Behe's concept of "Irreducible Complexity", and how this "proof" was demolished effectively by prominent Intelligent Design critic Ken Miller during the 2005 Kitzmiller vs. Dover Area School District trial.

You're playing host today, 11 May 2008
You didn't possess a single one when you were born. Now, there are trillions of them, mostly enjoying the warm hospitality of your gut. If you are recently born, they may have been put into you on purpose. They are the famous/infamous Escherichia coli microbes of our inner selves - billions of them residing peacefully in each of our intestinal tracts. Carl Zimmer has added yet another gem in his crown as North America's premier science writer with this comprehensive and insightful account. Zimmer's talent lies in taking up serious science that deals with complex issues, and then putting it down in a way that seizes and holds your interest. More importantly, he informs you on topics relevant to your daily life - and prompts you to think about future decisions. While the subject may seem off-beat or esoteric, rest assured that "Microcosm" is aptly titled, with a host of life's secrets tucked away in how this microbe lives.

The microbe was first identified in 1885 by Theodore Escherich, who was struck by the "massive, luxurious growth" it could achieve. He dubbed it "a common bacteria of the colon", having no idea of its prowess or future role. Renamed Escherichia coli in the following century, the microbe entered an unexpected role in research - from medicine to evolutionary biology. Zimmer stresses this role and its importance in science, technology, business and even government through this account. Understanding those roles is fundamental to understanding the importance of this fine book - and why it's important for you to read it.

E. coli long played an enigmatic role in science - it was "discovered" more than once. Microbiology, not unlike palaeoanthropology, was once divided between the "splitters" and the "lumpers". Was each similar but distinct new organism a new species or just a variation on a theme. In E. coli's case, the "lumpers" prevailed and Zimmer explains clearly about "strains" of E. coli and their significance to us. The "K-12" strain is the one chiefly used as a standard for biological research. It's considered harmless to humans - as one researcher demonstrated by drinking a water glass filled with it. On the other hand, not long after Escherich's discovery, a Japanese scientist who was trying to fathom an outbreak of dysentery, isolated a bacterium resembling the German's find. Thinking it a different species, they named it "Shigella". It wasn't a new species, it was a strain of E. coli. That strain "O157:H7" plays a large role in this book because it is a serious disrupter of the human gut. And we brought it into existence.

The ubiquitous nature of E. coli and the various strains identified rendered it the workhorse of biological research laboratories. It is easy to modify by changing conditions like food supplies, temperature and assaulting it with viruses or chemicals all provide answers to how it works. In so doing, it also explains to us how life works, and how it likely worked in the past. Advances in technologies not only provided maps of E. coli's genome, it was found the genome could be tampered with successfully. Genes could be removed and inserted. So long as the basic life-support genes were left unscathed, E. coli would merrily perform for the scientists. Viruses might be resisted or even ousted after an infection. More astonishing to early researchers, it was seen that E. coli could pick up genes from a virus or other microbes and change its own genome. Today, there are those contending viruses inserting genes into DNA have driven evolution itself. Why do we have over 3 billion base pairs in a genome with only 18 thousand working genes? Invading viruses in our ancestors - and those of E. coli - have left traceable remnants.

The author doesn't confine himself to accounts of laboratory research and analyses. E. coli research has led to numerous social and even legal questions. The latter is best revealed in a lively account of the recent trial in Dover, Pennsylvania. There, a school board insisted on biology teachers reading a challenge to Darwin's theory of evolution by natural selection. The board demanded the adding of elements of the "intelligent design" proposal to the course. Zimmer's account of the testimony and witness exchanges resulted in the presiding judge dismissing "ID" as based on fallacious assumptions and bearing no scientific credibility. The social questions are broader and of greater concern. Forty years ago, as the potential for E. coli as a working tool to manipulate genetic information emerged, public outcry and researchers' own reflections on possibilities led to a brief interruption in "genetic engineering" efforts. With various safeguards in place, Zimmer explains, advances continued. He notes that fears about things like "Frankenfood" are generally baseless, given the long history of Nature's own tinkering with genetic processes. An informed, reasoned approach is required to determine which claims for benefits are possible and which threats, if any, need further addressing. He even manages to address issues in "exobiology", the prospect of either finding life on another planet, or introducing it there.

The wide sweep of topics, thoroughly and effectively addressed by this author make this book a treat to read and an asset to retain. It's Pulitzer or Aventis Prize material and deserves the highest recognition. [stephen a. haines - Ottawa, Canada]


A good basic text, 27 Jun 2007
There are a lot of microbiology textbooks out there and I feel that they all assume you know things that you don't! This book takes it right from the start, and covers the basics of microbiology first, and goes on to deal with infection and infection control, immunization etc. It's very easy to read, and would be good for anyone who is new to the topic, but I would suspect you would need something a bit more substantial if you were a microbiologist. It's good for medics and healthcare workers though and makes the topic much easier to get to grips with.


An essential study aid., 20 Mar 2006
Medical Microbiology at a Glance is a very useful study aid for pre-clinical medical students. It lays out the basic essential facts you need to know as a medical student.

The other reviewer is probably right, this is nowhere near detailed enough if you're doing a dedicated microbiology course. However as an introduction to Medical Microbiology for medical students this is an easy to read and easy to understand text providing knowledge upon which students can later build a deeper and broader understanding of the subject.

"Modern medicine cannot be formulated in quiz-compends", 30 Aug 2004
course A: preclinical pathology and microbiology (150 students, 2nd yr)
This book will appeal to those students who like the "facts" pre-digested for rapid cramming before exams. As a teacher, like Flexner a century ago, I am averse to these "quiz compends" and feel they leave students with a transient and superficial exposure to the subject. I suspect that this review will encourage enormous numbers to purchase the book!

course B: honours school Infection & Immunity (50 students 3rd yr)
No use at this level.

course C: clinical microbiology & infectious disease (150 students 4th yr)
Essentially no value clinically.

Excellent read, 02 Aug 2006
A very informative, brilliant book full of facts!. Great for undergraduates in the science field as this book covers a wide range of information ranging from prions to HIV to Herpes. I found this book helpful!

A really informative and thought provoking book., 11 Oct 2001
I really enjoyed this book, and though I regularly follow scientific developments, this book really set the story straight on some of the most socially important diseases of the moment such as AIDS and Ebola. I highly recommend this book to anyone who is interested in diseases and how humans have lived with and adapted to them or even overcome them. My only criticism is of the conclusion drawn at the end of the book which lacked the depth and authoritive insight displayed in the rest of the book.

This is a book for 'us' to read, not scientific boffins !, 31 Oct 2000
Review of 'The Invisible Enemy' by Dorothy Crawford, October 2000

This book should come with a 'Highly Recommended' label. For those who have ever felt the slightest pang of curiosity when our doctor tells us we are suffering from "only a virus" (when we feel that we are at death's door), at last we have a book that explains in plain language how one of man's greatest enemies - viruses - work ! The most deadly infectious disease of the present day, the world's biggest killer, is a virus - Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV). However, viruses and man go back millions of years to the evolution of our earliest ancestors. Since the dawn of civilisation, approximately 10,000 years ago, viral infections have outwitted us at every turn, and still manage to do so. Amazingly, just over 100 years ago, medical science had still failed to discern that viruses were responsible for some of our most common afflictions. Only within the last century have we managed to: - establish the disease associations of viruses and man - isolate 20 families of viruses that infect humans (some with over 100 family members !) - produce images of viruses, using the electron microscope - analyse the genetic makeup of some viruses, (and exploit them using genetic engineering) - produce effective treatments and vaccines for viruses (but these are sadly few) We have even succeeded in completely eradicating one virus infection within the population - the dreaded smallpox, which until 1980 was responsible for approximately 4 million deaths per year, worldwide. These are all major achievements, but new virus infections are emerging all the time - for example, HIV was unknown until the early 1980's. This means that the battle against these old adversaries is never likely to stop ! Despite this, the majority of people are unaware of the basic characteristics of viruses, which is perhaps alarming considering the intimate relationship that exists between viruses and man ? Professor Crawford has come to our rescue with a book that explains all aspects of viruses' interactions with man in a clear and accessible way. Have you ever wondered why we catch so many colds ? Ever wondered why your doctor is reluctant to give you antibiotics for flu ? Did you know that some cancers are caused by a virus ? Even more startling revelations are provided, for example the story of a group of eminent physicians who contracted hepatitis 'A' from a raspberry parfait ! Sometimes truth is stranger than fiction ! This book is written in a 'user friendly' way, with minimal jargon for easy reading. A helpful glossary is provided to explain those terms that we may be unfamiliar with. My favourite aspect is the enthusiastic and amusing way that Professor Crawford approaches her subject; with chapter titles such as (the perhaps cynical) 'Unlike love, herpes is forever' we know that this is a book for us to read, not scientific boffins.

By far the best undergraduate general Microbiology text, 14 Oct 2008
"Brock" (as it's known!) is without doubt not just the best Microbiology textbook available but one of the best textbooks period. The book is logically set out, beginning with basic introductory material covering areas such as how we define a microorganism, cell structure, evolution, diversity and biochemistry before moving on to more complex general topics, including microbial growth, bioenergetics, catabolism and molecular biology. Brevia on Virology and Mycology are given, before moving on to the main sections on Bacteria and Archaea, arranged in terms of the taxonomy used in Bergey's Manual (the Microbiology Bible), going through the Proteobacteria by Class before covering Gram positive Bacteria and all the other various groups. Archaea are covered in more depth than you'd find in any other general Microbiology text, which is fantastic. The book ends with various applied topics such as medical Microbiology, Biotechnology, Ecology and Biogeochemistry.

The text is a very rich one - it's clearly laid out with a good use of colour and some absolutely beautiful photographs and photomicrographs, which are related directly to the text and serve to really reinforce points, rather than just to illustrate them. Concept Checks and Review Questions compliment each section and draw together material from other areas. As textbooks go, you really couldn't want anything more. With every edition, Brock just goes from strength to strengh.

Great Textbook, 14 Feb 2006
This book is great for Microbiology Undergraduates. The layout is perfect for studying and revising, and the information is presented in a clear manner. Doesn't put you to sleep like some other undergrad textbooks. You'll need other books for 2nd and 3rd year, but you will keep refering to this book even then. Overall, a very good textbook. Well worth the price.

Microbiology Textbook, 01 Dec 2005
First of all, this is a specified module book for Microbiology & Immunology. It is a really interesting book with clear diagrams and enlightening pictures. The easy-to-use layout makes reading the book much more simpler and finding appropriate information is quick. The chapters are well organised and the online content, assuming you have the internet is worth having a look through. You may find if your student studying this, then you wiill be asked to join a 'class'. If not, like me, you will find the content relates to the book and gives you tutorials and the option to quiz yourself.

Excellent Microbiology Text, 05 Oct 2005
Brock Biology of Microorganisms is one of the best student texts around today for Microbiology students, not only for undergraduate but is also a great help for postgraduate courses as well.

Nice to see a new edition which has managed to keep up with all the recent changes in the field

Magnificant Microbiology, 14 Apr 2003
This is a really sound text book which brings the new and experienced microbiologists something a little different.The flowing chapters and writing bring you up to speed with modern concepts in biology & microbiology and then the latter parts tell you more and more about subtle differences and generally more indepth than most general microbiology texts.This is a very usesfull reference point for 2nd and 3rd yr students and simply the best place to start for 1st yr students.Mightily Magnificant Microbiology (ps sorry about the alliteration puns)

GOOD SCIENCE,BAD HISTORY, 23 Sep 2008
This would be an excellent work were it not for the careless historical errors.Prof Crawford seems to think for example that the little ice age began in 1450 and that British rule in India ended in 2007.It would be tedious to list all the mistakes,so just take page 79 where the author mixes up Justinian & Constantine and apparently thinks that the western Roman Empire still existed in the former' s time.Was this book checked by a historian at all ? The poor grasp of elementary historial fact is a great pity,otherwise this book would deserve high marks

Not quite dull, 04 Mar 2008
History is full of fascinating stories of how infectious diseases have impacted upon the course of human history. Some of these stories are relatively small ones, like the appalling effect of poor sanitation on the lives of the poor in sprawling urban societies. Other stories have epic sweep:the Black Death, or the devastating introduction of Old World diseases to the New World.

Sadly, the author of this book couldn't tell a good story to save her life. She is extremely well-informed, very good at explaining the microbiology of the illnesses she describes, and if you read this book you will be a better educated person. But that simplicity of expression comes at a price. The written style is flat, there is no sense of narrative, no story-telling, and some gripping stories pass by with all the excitement of an auditor's report. The overall effect is of a university lecturer trying very hard to make a dull subject interesting; in doing so this book almost succeeds in making a fascinating subject dull.

It may be a matter of taste: here is a scientist writing about history. Perhaps I would have preferred to read a book written by a historian about science.

But it's interesting enough. I don't regret having bought it. And I'm now *much* better informed about Yersina Pestis.


Scholarly, interesting, well-written and alarming, 23 Jan 2008
The author is a professor of microbiology who has written an excellent book for the lay-person interested in the struggle between microbes and humans. It's partly a history of the ever-changing balance between the two from early man as a hunter/gatherer to modern urbane life. She makes it very clear how the development of agriculture and the gathering together of people into towns has increased our vulnerability to a greater range of organisms.

At times it reads almost like a war as viruses, bacteria and fungi rapidly mutate and sometimes collaborate to defeat our immune systems. I have a biological background but learned a lot about the latest microbiological research which is revealing just how well these microbes are doing in infecting us to their benefit. After reading this book I feel more alarmed at just how vulnerable we are to new microbes evolving with lethal power, but it also made me think more about how to avoid helping them by,for example, taking unnecessary antibiotics or failing to complete a course of treatment.



Highly practical, 20 Oct 2006
I used this book while working as a volunteer doctor in Zambia and Uganda. It is clear, concise and very practical. The fact that my copy is now so battered is a testament to its usefulness! The only are that I think could be expanded is the HIV chapter as that seemed to make up the bulk of my work.

If you are planning to work in the tropics then this book is a must.

Biology as Seen from E. coli, a mere Bacterium, Courtesy of Carl Zimmer, 08 Aug 2008
With the trained eyes of a scientist and the soul of poet, eminent science writer Carl Zimmer takes us on an all too brief, yet fascinating, trek into contemporary biology, as seen from the perspective of the bacterium Escherichia coli, in his latest book, "Microcosm: E. coli and the New Science of Life". More than a mere recounting of decades of elegant scientific research from the likes of Joshua Lederberg and Salvador Luria, among others, "Microcosm" is truly a book about contemporary biology itself, tying in almost every facet of it, from systematics to population genetics and ecology, and even, paleobiology. But it is a book that takes such an in-depth exploration of biology from the unique perspective of a rather most unassuming organism - or at least what readers might think - the bacterium E. coli, whose ubiquitous habitats include the intestinal tracts of humans and other mammals. Indeed, E. coli is truly a wonderful organismal metaphor for describing all of biology in its totality, as evidenced, for example, in one of Zimmer's terse chapters devoted to the evolution of cooperation amongst organisms via mechanisms such as natural selection and kin selection; an elegant experimental analogue to the types of selective pressures operating on other, more complex, organisms, including us. Indeed, "Microcosm" ought to be regarded as "Macrocosm", since Zimmer has offered an elegant, often poetic, exploration of all of biology, by demonstrating E. coli's scientific relevance to humanity.

If there is indeed one important underlying theme to "Microcosm", then perhaps it is the prevalence of sex in this single-celled organism, and its importance as a key ingredient in understanding evolution, which was recognized decades ago by a young Joshua Lederberg. Zimmer describes how E. coli has demonstrated the veracity of Darwin's concept of natural selection, via an elegant "slot machine" experiment designed by Salvador Luria, and culminating now in the ongoing experiment by microbial ecologist Richard Lenski; Zimmer's engaging account of which is among the most important highlights of this book (Yet as a brief aside, I am surprised Zimmer did not mention that Lenski's research is offering experimental proof of evolutionary stasis, as defined by paleontologists Niles Eldredge and Stephen Jay Gould in their theory of punctuated equilibrium; a point emphasized in a relatively recent paper co-authored by Lenski, Eldredge and others.). Zimmer also devotes ample time touching on other aspects of E. coli's evolutionary ecology from a public health perspective, tracing the origins of epidemics caused by toxic strains of this otherwise benign prokaryote. There is also, regrettably, ample discussion too of creationist interest in E. coli as an example of an organism created by an "Intelligent Designer"; Zimmer notes correctly that creationists were interested in its flagellum years before the bacterial flagellum became important "proof" supporting leading Intelligent Design advocate Michael Behe's concept of "Irreducible Complexity", and how this "proof" was demolished effectively by prominent Intelligent Design critic Ken Miller during the 2005 Kitzmiller vs. Dover Area School District trial.

Biology as Seen from E. coli, a mere Bacterium, Courtesy of Carl Zimmer, 08 Aug 2008
With the trained eyes of a scientist and the soul of poet, eminent science writer Carl Zimmer takes us on an all too brief, yet fascinating, trek into contemporary biology, as seen from the perspective of the bacterium Escherichia coli, in his latest book, "Microcosm: E. coli and the New Science of Life". More than a mere recounting of decades of elegant scientific research from the likes of Joshua Lederberg and Salvador Luria, among others, "Microcosm" is truly a book about contemporary biology itself, tying in almost every facet of it, from systematics to population genetics and ecology, and even, paleobiology. But it is a book that takes such an in-depth exploration of biology from the unique perspective of a rather most unassuming organism - or at least what readers might think - the bacterium E. coli, whose ubiquitous habitats include the intestinal tracts of humans and other mammals. Indeed, E. coli is truly a wonderful organismal metaphor for describing all of biology in its totality, as evidenced, for example, in one of Zimmer's terse chapters devoted to the evolution of cooperation amongst organisms via mechanisms such as natural selection and kin selection; an elegant experimental analogue to the types of selective pressures operating on other, more complex, organisms, including us. Indeed, "Microcosm" ought to be regarded as "Macrocosm", since Zimmer has offered an elegant, often poetic, exploration of all of biology, by demonstrating E. coli's scientific relevance to humanity.

If there is indeed one important underlying theme to "Microcosm", then perhaps it is the prevalence of sex in this single-celled organism, and its importance as a key ingredient in understanding evolution, which was recognized decades ago by a young Joshua Lederberg. Zimmer describes how E. coli has demonstrated the veracity of Darwin's concept of natural selection, via an elegant "slot machine" experiment designed by Salvador Luria, and culminating now in the ongoing experiment by microbial ecologist Richard Lenski; Zimmer's engaging account of which is among the most important highlights of this book (Yet as a brief aside, I am surprised Zimmer did not mention that Lenski's research is offering experimental proof of evolutionary stasis, as defined by paleontologists Niles Eldredge and Stephen J